The Celtic Cross – An Irish Symbol Of Faith And Hope by Leigh
In the holy ground of the churchyards of Ireland, simple stone crosses rest in remembrance of those who have passed. For centuries, these ringed crosses, known as Celtic Crosses, have been used as symbols of faith and hope, along with other crosses, such as High Crosses. A true Celtic Cross will always include a central ring, which is thought to be borrowed from Pagan rituals of yore, representing the Sun. The four points of the Celtic Cross represent the four directions, north, south, east and west.
When Celtic Crosses first appeared in Ireland, they were often decorated with Runic symbols, and sometimes with zoomorphic images of animals as well. While they may have been considered Pagan symbols back in the day, Celtic Crosses have become potent symbols of Christianity in Ireland.
The Insular Art movement produced many fine examples of Celtic Crosses, throughout Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Insular Art is complex, symbolic, and somewhat mysterious. The art movement gained its name from the fact that is was impossible to ascertain exactly where the art may have been made. Often, art treasures and metalwork was moved from one country to another.
It is certain that many Celtic Crosses were made in Ireland, rather than simply brought there, but others have a hazier origin. The Insular art movement began after the Romans retreated from Celtic lands, and grew stronger as the Celtic people embraced Christianity.
Irish master artists have a long tradition of expertise with metalwork and stonework, and, in past centuries, they added real beauty and meaning to Celtic Crosses. Unlike the Crucifix, which features painful and sad images of Jesus in his suffering, the Celtic Cross is more decorative and less graphic. For example, the Celtic Cross often features carved symbols and intricate knot work that symbolize life-force and the eternal nature of all things. Irish master craftsmen sought out many small variations to the Celtic Cross, adding a rich, three-dimensional quality to the simple structure.
Some other examples of decoration used to enhance the beauty of stone and metal Celtic Crosses are whorls and spirals, popular symbols used in many Celtic designs of the Insular Art period. Some symbols remain wrapped in mystery, years later, but their frequent use in Celtic art and design speaks to spiritual meanings, and to the notion of eternity. The spiral, in particular, is thought to represent growth, and the journey through life.
When the first High Crosses appeared in Celtic lands during the ninth century, they were often adorned with zoomorphic, or animal, symbols…but why? Some people feel that many aspects of Celtic and High Crosses were borrowed from the Druids, who worshipped the natural world.
The addition of complex, richly-detailed animal symbols such as wolfhounds, birds, and other creatures, may have been passed down from the Druids. Zoomorphic symbols faded in popularity over the years, and Celtic Crosses continued to evolve into their modern variations.
Today, master craftsmen still embrace the beauty and meaning of Celtic Crosses, and many Irish families still place a Cross on the grave of a loved one, to symbolize their faith in a higher power. Today, Celtic Crosses can also be found in jewelry designs such as pendants, and they are crafted of gold, silver, and often precious stones such as emeralds and diamonds. The pleasing lines and intricate knot work of modern Celtic Cross jewelry designs have made them popular choices for many wearers who wish to honor their Celtic heritage.
If you travel to Ireland, you will find ancient and modern examples of the Celtic Cross in churches, churchyards, and other landmarks. It is thought that some Celtic Crosses were placed in the ground in order to guide travelers on their journey.
The timeless nature of the Celtic Cross ensures that each generation discovers its meaning and history, decade after decade. The crosses are a touching symbol of the past, and an important way to remain in touch with the beliefs and spirit of Christianity. Celtic Crosses will always remain an integral part of Irish art and culture, whether they are worn as pendants, or placed in remembrance upon the final resting place of a loved one.
The fascinating history and meaning of Celtic Crosses is often steeped in mystery, but there is no doubt that the love of God prompted their creation. For this reason, they will always retain their appeal, and represent the special, unique nature of the Celtic people.
About the Author
L Maher is a content writer who writes and researches about gorgeous and extraordinary Celtic jewelry, as well as Irish culture and history. Get more information regarding Celtic cross jewelry. Christendom And Sun Symbols
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You’ll find that with each travel excursion you’ll need checklists. And more checklists. Each trip gets a standard checklist & a relative one.
A short weekend trip to Niagra falls doesn’t require a passport, or does it. You may want to go into Canada to see the Falls from the other side. You checklist would have covered this.
You want to fly to vegas for the weekend. break out the checklists. First, book a flight. You live in a time when you can now book flight from the comfort of you own home. Book online. Try every site at least once throughout the year. I like to find out of the way consolidator sites. They tend to have cheaper fares because the buy in bulk. the beauty of these sites is, not only are they cheap, they are like have a hidden travel treasure. Sites like http://lowairfares.com or http://aironsale.com have great names that say exactly what they do.
This is an example of why you need to use multiple sites to find airfare. Fares vary from hour to hour and it’s a competative business. That’s good for us.
So here’s my cheap airfare checklist:
* Choose a destination. * Get to a computer & get online. * Go to any search engine & type in “cheap airfare.” * look through the results & choose 10 sites. Bookmark all 10, organize in travel folder. You don’t have to use all ten right away. Just have the reference available for future use. * get 5 quotes for your proposed flight from 5 different sites. (3 major names, and 2 minor consolidators) * choose your best fare. * if you are not in rush, keep looking. Fares change hourly.
Below is a generic Travel checklist. Modify this list to your pesonal needs. Modify it to your types of travel.
Pre-Departure
* Passport * Visa if needed * Health Documentation * Transportation Tickets * Frequent Flyer Cards * Emergency Information * Insurance * Hotel Reservations * Traveler’s Checks * Currency (both local and American) * Credit Cards * Guide Books and Maps (X) * Trip Cancellation/ Medical
Information
* Copies of Passport, ID and Documents * Special Event Reservations
Travel Gear
* Main Travel Bag (Duffle/Luggage, etc.) * Packing Accessories (clothes, small stuff and toiletries) * Security (Passport carrier, luggage locks/ tags) * Document Organizer * Everyday Bag
Everyday Basics
* Travel Clothing * Raincoat/ Umbrella * Travel Footwear * Visor or Brimmed Hat * Camera, binoculars (scopes) (X) * Radiation Shield for Film * Video Camera, Tapes * CD/ Cassette Player * Electric/ Phone Converters * Travel Alarms * Language Books * Reading Materials * Address Book * Travel Journal * Pen/ Pencil * Scarf/ Bandana * Games/ Playing Cards * Snacks * Hand Sanitizer/ Towlettes * Travel Neck Pillow * Eye Shade/ Ear Plugs * Portable Door Lock * Tissues/ Toilet Paper * Keys
Maintenance Items
* Flashlight Batteries/ Bulbs (X) * Matches or Lighter (X) * Extra Batteries * Sewing/ Repair Kit * Duct Tape * Travel Iron or Steamer * Sink Stopper for Hotel Sinks * Zip-Close Plastic Bags
Travel Health
* Travel Health Booklet * Pain Reliever/ Aspirin (X) * Cold Medicine (X) * Contact Lens Items * Diarrhea Medicine * Motion Sickness Medicine * Laxative * Insect Protection (X) * Sun Protection (X) * Antibiotic Cream * Malaria Medication * Personal Hygiene Items * Personal Prescriptions
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The Prehistoric Brotherhood Mining in Lake Superior by Robert Bruce Baird
Lord Renfrew, Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge University states: “Archaeologists all over the world have realized that much of prehistory, as written in the existing textbooks, is inadequate. Some is quite simply wrong. What has come as a considerable shock, a development hardly foreseeable just a few years ago, is that prehistory, as we have learnt it is based upon several assumptions which can no longer be accepted as valid…”
Table of Contents:
CHAPTER ONE: From ‘Hell’ and Back.
-The Canadian Encyclopedia says: “The ancestors of the Iroquois can be traced backwards in New York State by archaeological evidence to at least 500 BC. And possibly as far back as 4,000 BC. The distinctive Iroquois culture of the historic period seems to have developed by about 1000 AD.” In order to take the Iroquois back to 4000 BC one has to find the Megwi and Adena before them were once people who lived in Poverty Point where Eurasiatic technology existed and tall people thrived in the Keltic mound building tradition.
CHAPTER TWO: Manitou’s Mounds and Mississippi Mud.
-Professor Jesse Jennings who wrote what the Smithsonian called ‘authoritative’ in its third edition says: “…are all the high cultures of the New World resultant from a diffusion of ideas, customs, artifacts, and religious-social practices of the OLD WORLD?” -He also says: “Even more unusual at the two sites was the microflint work. The industry involved the striking of long, prismatic flakes from egg-shaped flint nodules or cores in a manner reminiscent of Eurasiatic Mesolithic industries.”
CHAPTER THREE: Guardians of the Iberian Gateway (ST. Lawrence, Hudson).
-J. V. Wright is one of Canada’s top academics and he wrote A History of the Native People’s of Canada, Volume I, (10,000 – 1,000 B.C.) and he says: “Historically documented native beliefs in Canada appear to have been quite similar to those of the pre-Christian Celtic, Germanic, and Scandinavian peoples as well as other parts of the world…” -He also brings us: “The Allumette-1 and Morrison’s Island-6 sites, in addition to other activities, they functioned as manufacturing centres of copper tools.”
CHAPTER FOUR: The Great Wall of China Extends to Ohio’s ‘Giants’.
-Elizabeth Wayland Barber’s The Mummies of Ǘrümchi says: “Linguistically these twins show features lumping them most closely with the ‘westernmost’ Indo-European languages: Celtic and Italic…. But they are not particularly similar to their nearest geographical neighbors…” -Also, she states: “What Professor Mair {University of Pennsylvania} recognized there stunned him. The mummies appeared to be neither Chinese nor Mongoloid in facial type; they looked, in fact, distinctively Caucasian…”
CHAPTER FIVE: Peru Shakes Hands With Poverty Point.
-”The rise and fall of Celtic sea power has been strangely neglected… Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, most of Book III of Caesar’s De Bello Gallico is devoted to the greatest naval battle he was ever called upon to mount…. No less than 220 ships, all larger than and superior in construction to those of the opposing Roman navy under Admiral Brutus.” These words from Professor Barraclough Fell set the truth in motion of worldwide travel and trade that the Kelts were involved in for many millennia. -He is the champion of many and the outcast of his Harvard ‘cronies’ and other academics. There is no part of this planet were we will not show the Kelts or ‘keltoi’. -The artifacts found near the mound builder’s main sites that came to me after doing this book include a Dream Dancer’s Mask of electrum (80% gold) which weighs two and a half pounds.
CHAPTER SIX: Memphremagog:
-The Catholic Encyclopedia says: “Finally, Josephus and others identify Magog with Scythia, but in antiquity this name was used to designate vaguely any northern population.” Scythia is central to the birthplace of the Kelts as genetic research shows in 35-30,000 year ago time. ‘Phre’ is ‘fire’ from the ‘sun’ of Druidic or Heliopolitan sun worship which is the original root of Phremasonry according to Thomas Paine. -The most telling evidence of European involvement in North America before Christ might be the ‘extinct’ or should I say ‘immortal’ North American horse that I think was like a Shetland Pony because there were no horses or artifacts thereof for the previous 5000 years. Here is an archaeologist of note by the name of Quimby, whose report goes most un-noted: “1954 The Old Copper Assemblage and Extinct Animals. American Antiquity 20: 169-170. Quimby analyses an occurrence of deeply buried copper artifacts and associated animal bones near Fort Williams in southwest Ontario. The discovery, made in 1913 and 1916, was recorded in a geological report. Quimby reasons that the site may date to the Altithermal, approximately 3500-2000 B.C., and that the bones are those of the bison and the extinct native horse.”
CHAPTER SEVEN: Copper Making Secrets and Speculations About Crystalline or Stone Age Knowledge.
-I can show the reason for red ochre on Mungo Man’s skeleton (and many other cultures around the world) is possibly connected to the alchemical (shamanic) use of cinnabar. This was adequate payment for the Beothuk who were in the northern Hudson Bay route for copper when the earth had not yet rebounded much from the glaciers retreat before moving with their Keltic family to L’anse Amour around the 6th Millennium B.C. -Here is something spiritual about the ‘immortal’ element of mercury to consider. “Cinnabar will become mercury, and passing through a series of other sublimations, it is again turned into cinnabar, and thus it enables man to enjoy eternal life.” This is from J. Bronowski’s book and TV documentary produced by the BBC called The Ascent of Man.
CHAPTER EIGHT: Pre-Columbian and Post-Christian Americans from Europe.
-In Tucson we have on-going digs of irrigation canals and a civilization from 2000 BC but in the 1920s another more recent ‘find’ was made. It was by the top people in the science and handled in the appropriate manner but met a cover up to equal what happened at Manitoulin Island. Here is a little about this story from Ancient American. “Translation of the combined Latin text told a surprising story: ‘In Memoriam Romani Actius: In memory of Romans Actius and Theodore, Consuls of great cities. We are carried forward on the sea (to) Calalus, {The site of present day Ocala in Florida, the name was taken from the Latin name of Porto Cale, Portugal. These Jews now meet the Toltecs and a man from the city of Rhodes – which was a key enduring fortification of the Keltic Phoenicians past the time of Posidonius who thought highly of them.} an unknown land (and) a people ruling wildly (Indians?). Toltezus (and) Silvanus are won over, Theodorus brings his forces from the city, Rhoda. And more than 700 are captured. No gold. They are (or shall be) banished from the city. -{The metal tablets decipherment continues.}Theodorus, a man of the greatest valor, rules during 14 years. Iacobus rules during (after Theodorus) six years. God helping it (?) is not to be feared. In the name of Israel, Iacobus born again (in) the city…. Benjamin was king of the people. He came from Seine to Rome, the bravest of the Gauls…” The Benjaminites are central players in the intrigues of New World Order that are throughout history.
CHAPTER NINE: Debunkers and the Flat Earth Fiction.
-The web brings me the words of Theosophist scholars who add an important observation about the propaganda Rome used to gain ever greater control of this world. Rome as an Empire expanded whenever the people of Rome were dispossessed of booty from the evil wrought by their leaders. “Jewish scholars had already proved the similarity between the Laws of Moses and the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle and Pythagoras. Christians claimed that Jesus was a unique character, while the entire pagan world knew that the legends surrounding Jesus’ life were identical with those of pagan gods. Students of comparative religion recognized their similarity to the traditions of great spiritual Teachers who had preceded Jesus.”
CHAPTER TEN: Manitoulin Island and Mooring Stones.
-”The site’s discoverer (Lee) was hounded from his Civil Service position into prolonged unemployment; publication outlets were cut off, the evidence was misrepresented by several prominent authors among the Brahmins; the tons of artifacts vanished into storage bins of the National Museum of Canada; for refusing to fire the discoverer the Director of the National Museum (Dr. Jacques Rousseau), who had proposed having a monograph on the site published, was himself fired and driven into exile; official positions of prestige and power were exercised in an effort to gain control over just six Sheguiandah specimens that had not gone under cover; and the site itself has been turned into a tourist resort.” It has actually been built upon by a tourist campsite, just as the Kennewick Man site was covered over and pylons and trees sunk upon it the day before a congressional Bill was to take effect to protect it. -Professor Emeritus James Scherz of the University of Wisconsin says: “More likely than not, they were but one of numerous peoples from around the world who were attracted to the copper riches found in the Upper Great Lakes Region of ancient America.”
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Easter Island and New Zealand Kelts Before History.
-From respected scholars in India who have succeeded in decoding the Ilavarta language that is similar to the Rongorongo on Easter Island we have: -”On this point it is worth noting that the account of ancient Indian history found in most textbooks is completely wrong. They make the Harappan Civilization pre-Vedic while the latest research shows it to be the other way. In fact, it belongs to the closing centuries of the Vedic Age. The idea that India was invaded by ‘Indo-European’ Aryans who destroyed the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization and then composed the Vedas has been thoroughly discredited. The language of the Harappans is Vedic Sanskrit and their civilization was Vedic. This was known even before the script was deciphered. There are Vedic symbols all over the place at archaeological sites – like Vedic altars, the Swastika symbol and the ‘OM’ sign among others. The ‘Aryan invasion’ and the ‘Aryan-Dravidian wars’ were created by European colonial and missionary scholars, to serve their own interests.”
CHAPTER TWELVE: Yonaguni and the Kensington Runestone.
-”Dear Mr. Collins: I am a high school world history teacher, Cuban born and Princeton educated. With great interest I have been reading about Atlantis and I am concerned about a great many things from a historical perspective. Please let me share these with you. First, I have no delusions that, as a Cuban I am related to any Atlantean peoples – they were gone long before I arrived on the Earth. Second, I have a strong suspicion that when we find Atlantis, where you say it is, our world will never be the same. Our notions of what is and what was will be changed forever. Our theories about time and the existence of civilizations predating Greece and Rome will send shock waves that will reverberate through out the known world.”
About the Author
World-Mysteries.com guest ‘expert’ Author of Diverse Druids Columnist in The ES Press Magazine E-ZPASS AND SUNPASS MOTORCYCLE TRANSPONDER HOLDER
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Discover the Phoenix You Never Knew Existed by Caitlin Moore
Smack dab in the middle of the state of Arizona is a city known for many things; it’s busy and bustling, filled with diverse activities, and as a vacation destination, it’s hot in more ways than one. If you’ve yet to visit the Phoenix, also known as the “Valley of the Sun,” then consider gracing it with your presence sometime soon in order to see what all the fuss is about.
Central Arizona may evoke images of cacti and vast stretches of dry sand, but even though this is the site of the Sonoran Desert it’s not at all desolate. Dams have made it possible for recreational lakes to exist, and a few sets of mountains give the landscape a beautiful touch. Take a look around you; each direction will reveal a different, spectacular view that is surely unlike any other you currently have access to.
Most Phoenicians love, or at least have grown accustomed to, very hot weather. There’s no use in pretending otherwise that this city is pretty darn steamy (especially in the summer), so if you’re more of a cool, rainy day person then Phoenix may not be right for you. If you crave the feeling of warmth and sun year-round, however, this is the place to be.
Winter in Phoenix attracts golfers and cold-haters by the hundreds and allows for outdoor activities to go on pretty much unimpeded. Frost is rare and snow is rarer, meaning that Northerners will be happy to escape the cruel breath of Mother Nature for a while when they head to the Southwest. From professional sports teams to amusement parks, this city knows how to take advantage of what they have. Vacations are all about escape, and making your way to a climate that permits fun and frivolity all year round will enhance the much-sought after getaway that you certainly deserve.
For example, where else is it possible to see a Desert Botanical Garden filled with exotic flora and fauna before stopping by a historic mansion known as Mystery Castle, then finishing off the afternoon with a game of tennis and a delicious meal at a gourmet restaurant? The next day, add some culture to the mix by viewing modern and classic art, ride a rollercoaster and go for a hike on Camelback Mountain. A movie or a play will entertain you in the evening, and then a nightcap at a happening new club will ensure that wonderful feeling of stress-free contentment is achieved.
Phoenix’s imposing size and ever-increasing edge as a mecca for tourists means that a number of special events can be enjoyed throughout the year. Thus, in addition to shopping, spa-going and golfing, be sure to save room in your schedule for a concert, a farmer’s market, a wine tasting or an art show. There’s always something going on in this desert oasis, so check the calendar to discover something that will take things up another notch.
Family fun and choices will define a trip to Phoenix, or if it’s just you and your significant other, allow yourselves to be whisked away by the warmth and the energy of this haven for harried souls. Breathe deeply (you’ll notice the air feels delightfully different) and be thankful for a break from the rapid pace of daily life.
To truly take advantage of this desert retreat, think about renting a vacation condo or town home. These luxurious, often affordable properties are plentiful in Phoenix and would make a lovely accent to any trip. Patios, kitchen appliances, a washer and dryer plus more than enough space in a modern and convenient setting make for the perfect home base. Explore Phoenix with a light in your eyes and a bounce in your step knowing that you have a cozy place to call your own.
When it’s time for a vacation, it’s time for a vacation. Treat yourself to a good trip (you know you deserve it) and make sure you do it the right way. The vibrant city will distract you from your worries and your Phoenix Vacation Rental will pamper you just the way you like. Start packing your bags, because the moment of your escape has finally arrived.
About the Author
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This is a beautiful sheet consisting of 9 stamps, issued by Gambia in 2007, featuring basketball stars from the NBA. Included on the sheet are Carmelo Anthony from the Denver Nuggets, Kobe Bryant from the LA Lakers, Vince Carter from the New Jersey Nets, Allen Iverson from the Denver Nuggets, LeBron James from the Cleveland Cavaliers, Yao Ming from the Houston Rockets, Steve Nash from the Phoenix Suns, Shaquille O’Neal from the Miami Heat, and Dwayne Wade from the Miami Heat. The sheet is Post Office fresh, mint never hinged.
Its always time to show your team spirit! The Gametime(r) NBA Rookie watch features a stainless steel design and is decked out with your teams logo on the dial; the adjustable VELCRO(r) brand closure strap offers optimum comfort all day long.
Its always time to show your team spirit! The Gametime(r) NBA Rookie watch features a stainless steel design and is decked out with your teams logo on the dial; the adjustable VELCRO(r) brand closure strap offers optimum comfort all day long.
Few things are more disappointing than missing the tipoff. Sport this Gametime(r) NBA Veteran watch, and youll always be on time for the big game. It features a stainless steel case, a rotating bezel, and an adjustable VELCRO(r) brand closure strap for a proper fit. The team logo boldly adorns the dial.
Sip your drinks in spirited style with the Great American 16-oz stainless steel insulated tumbler! Ideal for cold beverages, it features a screw-top lid and reusable plastic straw; an NBA team logo decorates the outside.
For an extra-spirited morning commute, give the Great American 16-oz stainless steel travel tumbler a try! Its perfect for keeping beverages hot or cold and features a screw-top, spill-resistant lid for easy transport. A metal NBA team logo decorates the outside.
Youll be able to palm this basketball! The Great American can holder set features 2 pieces, each designed with the look and feel of an actual basketball. Theyre decorated with NBA team logos on one side, while Spalding(r) graphics and an NBA Logoman(r) add an authentic finishing touch.
Take your favorite beverages with you in this Great American 20-oz mini travel jug! It features an NBA team logo on the stainless steel outside panel and is insulated for hot and cold beverages. A handy bottle opener underneath the handle offers extra convenience.
Stay hydrated and spirited with the Great American 26-oz stainless steel water bottle! This eco-friendly, BPA-free bottle is decorated with a metal NBA team logo and features a screw-top lid with a pop-up spout. A carabiner clip offers extra convenience.
Finding the right gift for the hoops fan in your life can be tricky. Score a slam dunk with this Great American NBA 31-oz glass candy jar. Decorated with a hand-crafted metal team logo medallion, it is the perfect gift for the basketball aficionado with a sweet tooth. Just add candy!
Show off your team pride by drinking from this officially licensed NBA stainless steel travel mug from Great American Products! The mug features a hand-crafted metal team logo and a no-spill lid, and fits in your vehicles cup holder, keeping drinks hot or cold.
Perfect for the sports fan who wants one mug for the home and one for the office, this matching set of officially licensed NBA mugs from Great American Products features team logos and colors. The two 15-oz ceramic mugs feature C -shaped handles for comfort.
Add a sporty twist to any formal shirt with the Green Shag Hardwood cufflinks. Designed to resemble your NBA teams home court, the sturdy enamel/stainless steel links promise winning team spirit no matter where you go!
Game after game, it’s the dazzling skills and talent of the hoops heroes that make the NBA great. Salute your favorite superstar’s prowess with this Highland Mint(r) NBA Player Pride desktop photomint. It features a color photo, a facsimile signature nameplate, and a gold-plated commemorative coin. A certificate of authenticity is also included.
Game after game, it’s the dazzling skills and talent of the hoops heroes that make the NBA great. Salute your favorite superstar’s prowess with this Highland Mint(r) NBA Player Pride desktop photomint. It features a color photo, a facsimile signature nameplate, and a gold-plated commemorative coin. A certificate of authenticity is also included.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this 8×10 photo of him attempting a lay up in his first game back with the Mavericks. A Steiner Sports Certificate of Authenticity is included. Steiner Sports entered the sports business world in 1987, and over the past decade Steiner Sports has established themselves as a leading provider of sports marketing services and authentic memorabilia. Steiner Sports is the leading producer of authentic hand-signed collectibles and the best source for all your sports gift needs. Steiner Sports provides autographed memorabilia by athletes like Hank Aaron, Joe Namath, Magic Johnson and Muhammad Ali is the hottest new solution for personal and client gifts, as well as sales incentives, employee recognition and charity fundraising auctions. Steiner Sports has exclusive autograph deals with Derek Jeter, Tony Hawk, David Ortiz, Johnny Damon, Joe Torre, Eli Manning, Tiki Barber, Paul O’Neill and Curt Schilling among others.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this NBA Indoor/Outdoor basketball, which comes complete with a Steiner Sports Certificate of Authenticity. Steiner Sports entered the sports business world in 1987, and over the past decade Steiner Sports has established themselves as a leading provider of sports marketing services and authentic memorabilia. Steiner Sports is the leading producer of authentic hand-signed collectibles and the best source for all your sports gift needs. Steiner Sports provides autographed memorabilia by athletes like Hank Aaron, Joe Namath, Magic Johnson and Muhammad Ali is the hottest new solution for personal and client gifts, as well as sales incentives, employee recognition and charity fundraising auctions. Steiner Sports has exclusive autograph deals with Derek Jeter, Tony Hawk, David Ortiz, Johnny Damon, Joe Torre, Eli Manning, Tiki Barber, Paul O’Neill and Curt Schilling among others.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this 8×10 photo of him dribbling the ball up the court. A Steiner Sports Certificate of Authenticity is included. Steiner Sports entered the sports business world in 1987, and over the past decade Steiner Sports has established themselves as a leading provider of sports marketing services and authentic memorabilia. Steiner Sports is the leading producer of authentic hand-signed collectibles and the best source for all your sports gift needs. Steiner Sports provides autographed memorabilia by athletes like Hank Aaron, Joe Namath, Magic Johnson and Muhammad Ali is the hottest new solution for personal and client gifts, as well as sales incentives, employee recognition and charity fundraising auctions. Steiner Sports has exclusive autograph deals with Derek Jeter, Tony Hawk, David Ortiz, Johnny Damon, Joe Torre, Eli Manning, Tiki Barber, Paul O’Neill and Curt Schilling among others.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this 8×10 Team USA jumpshot basketball, which comes complete with a Steiner Sports Certificate of Authenticity. Steiner Sports entered the sports business world in 1987, and over the past decade Steiner Sports has established themselves as a leading provider of sports marketing services and authentic memorabilia. Steiner Sports is the leading producer of authentic hand-signed collectibles and the best source for all your sports gift needs. Steiner Sports provides autographed memorabilia by athletes like Hank Aaron, Joe Namath, Magic Johnson and Muhammad Ali is the hottest new solution for personal and client gifts, as well as sales incentives, employee recognition and charity fundraising auctions. Steiner Sports has exclusive autograph deals with Derek Jeter, Tony Hawk, David Ortiz, Johnny Damon, Joe Torre, Eli Manning, Tiki Barber, Paul O’Neill and Curt Schilling among others.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this NBA Indoor/Outdoor basketball, which comes complete with a Steiner Sports Hologram and Certificate of Authenticity.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this NBA Indoor/Outdoor basketball, which comes complete with a Steiner Sports Hologram and Certificate of Authenticity.
Jason Kidd is back with the Dallas Mavericks, the team with which he began his surefire Hall of Fame career. The Mavericks selected Kidd with the second overall pick during the 1994 NBA Draft and he went on to share Rookie of the Year honors in 1995 with Grant Hill. Kidd evolved into one of the league’s best point guards, a perennial triple-double threat and an All-Star Game regular, and he later led both the Phoenix Suns and New Jersey Nets to the playoffs. Now, he’s with the Mavericks again and ready to lead them to a title. Jason Kidd has hand signed this NBA Indoor/Outdoor basketball, which comes complete with a Steiner Sports Hologram and Certificate of Authenticity.
This throwback swingman jersey from Adidas is 100% polyester and has the quality and detail that approaches those of an authentic jersey coupled with the affordability rivaling that of the replica version. The jersey has raised applique numbers on the front, back, and shoulders that sport a traditional
This throwback swingman jersey from Adidas is 100% polyester and has the quality and detail that approaches those of an authentic jersey coupled with the affordability rivaling that of the replica version. The jersey has raised applique numbers on the front, back, and shoulders that sport a traditional
You will be equipped for the big tailgate if you arrive with this Kolder NBA team 12-pack Kooler bag. The 12-pack bag is heat sealed and insulates 12 cans or bottles throughout the pregame party. The cooler bag is decorated in team colors and designed with the team logo. You can even store valuables and accessories in its handy exterior pocket.
This is a beautiful sheet of 12 stamps, issued by Liberia in 2009, commemorating the 2009 NBA All-Star Game. Featured famous basketball players from the Western Conference include Chauncey Billups from the Denver Nuggets, Kobe Bryant from the Los Angeles Lakers, Tim Duncan from the San Antonio Spurs, Pau Gasol from the Los Angeles Lakers, Yao Ming from the Houston Rockets, Dirk Nowitzki from the Dallas Mavericks, Shaquille O’Neal from the Phoenix Suns, Tony Parker from the San Antonio Spurs, Chris Paul from the New Orleans Hornets, Brandon Roy from the Portland Trail Blazers, Amar’e Stoudemire from the Phoenix Suns, and David West from the New Orleans Hornets. The sheet is Post Office fresh, mint never hinged, and F/VF.
Now you can add a little bling to your everyday team spirit with the Logo Art(r) crystal stacked rings. The top and bottom rings are accented with NBA team color crystals, while the stainless steel middle band is engraved with the team name. This set of 3 rings comes with a protective leatherette pouch.
Now you can add a little bling to your everyday team spirit with the Logo Art(r) crystal stacked rings. The top and bottom rings are accented with NBA team color crystals, while the stainless steel middle band is engraved with the team name. This set of 3 rings comes with a protective leatherette pouch.
Add a little bling to your team ensemble with the Logo Art(r) triple bangle bracelet. Designed with an e-coating and a silver-plated finish, this 3-piece set includes an alloy NBA team name charm, an alloy team logo charm and a team-color Preciosa crystal. For added protection, it comes packaged in a leatherette pouch.
Gaia will be launched on a Soyuz-FG rocket and will fly to the Lagrange point L2 located approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. The L2 point will provide the spacecraft with a very stable thermal environment. There it will describe a Lissajous orbit which will avoid eclipses of the Sun by the Earth, which would otherwise limit the amount of solar energy the satellite can retrieve through its solar panels and also disturb the thermal equilibrium.
Measurement principles
Similarly to its predecessor Hipparcos, Gaia consists of two telescopes providing two observing directions with a fixed, wide angle between them. The spacecraft rotates continuously around an axis perpendicular to the two telescopes line of sight (LOS). The spin axis in turn has a slight precession across the sky, while maintaining the same angle to the Sun. By precisely measuring the relative positions of objects from both observing directions, a rigid system of reference is obtained.
Each celestial object will be observed on average about 70 times during the mission, which is expected to last 5 years. These measurements will help determine the astrometric parameters of stars: 2 corresponding to the angular position of a given star on the sky, 2 for the derivatives of the star’s position over time (motion) and lastly, the stars parallax.
One measurement that is however lacking by the above telescopes is the radial velocity of the star. This is obtained separately using the Doppler Effect by a spectrometer that is also onboard Gaia.
Features
The Gaia payload consists of
a 1.4 x 0.5 square metre mirror for each telescope
A 1.0 x 0.5 m focal plane array on which light from both telescopes are projected. This in turn consists of 106 CCDs of 4500 x 1966 pixels. Some of these CCDs are equipped with filters.
Gaia contains 3 separate instruments:
The astrometry instrument (ASTRO), which is dedicated to measuring the angular position of the stars of magnitude 5.7 to 20.
The photometric instrument, which allows the acquisition of spectra of stars over the 320-1000nm spectral band, over the same magnitude 5.7-20.
The high-resolution spectrometer to measure the radial velocity of the stars by acquiring high-resolution spectra in the spectral band 847-874nm (field lines of calcium ion) for objects up to magnitude 17 ,
The telemetric link with the satellite is about 1 Mbit/s on average, while the total content of the focal plane represents several Gbit/s. Therefore only a few dozen pixels around each object can be downlinked. This means that detection and monitoring of objects on board mandatory, with such processing particularly complex when scanning dense stellar fields.
Mission
The mission was adopted by ESA as cornerstone mission number 6 on 13 October 2000 and the B2 phase of the project was authorized on February 9, 2006, with EADS Astrium taking responsibility for the hardware. The launch is planned for Spring 2012. The total cost of the mission is around 450 million euros, including the manufacture, launch and ground operations.
The overall data volume that will be retrieved from the spacecraft during the 5-year mission assuming a nominal compressed data rate of 1 Mbit/s is approximately 60 TB, amounting to about 200 TB of usable uncompressed data on the ground. The responsibility of the data processing, not funded by ESA, has been entrusted to the a European consortium (the Data Processing and Analysis Consortium, abridged in DPAC) which has successfully been selected after from its proposal to the ESA Announcement of Opportunity released in November 2006.
The DPAC is a collaboration of about 400 astronomers and IT engineers from 20 European countries, including a significant participation of an ESA group based at the the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), one of the ESA centre in Europe located near Madrid. The funding is provided by the participating countries and has been secured until the production of the Gaia final Catalogue scheduled for 2020.
Objectives
The Gaia space mission has the following objectives:
To determine the intrinsic luminosity of a star requires knowledge of its distance. One of the only ways to achieve without physical assumptions is through the star’s parallax. Ground-based observations would not measure such parallaxes with sufficient precision due to the effects of the atmosphere and instrumental biases.
Observations of the faintest objects will provide a more complete view of the stellar luminosity function. We must observe all the objects up to a certain magnitude in order to have unbiased samples.
You need a large amount of objects to examine the more rapid stages of stellar evolution. Observing a large number of objects in the galaxy is also important in order to understand the dynamics of our galaxy. Note that a billion stars represents only 1% of the content of our galaxy.
Measuring the astrometric and kinematic properties of star is necessary in order to understand the various stellar populations, especially the most distant.
Gaia is expected to:
Measure the astrometric properties of over a billion stars down to a magnitude of V = 20
Determine the positions of stars at a magnitude of V=10 down to a precision of 7 millionths of an arcsecond (as) (this is equivalent to measuring the diameter of a hair from 1000km away); between 12 and 25 as down to V = 15, and between 100 and 300 as to V = 20, depending on the color of the star
Measure the tangential speed of 40 million stars to a precision of better than 0.5km / s
References
^ ESA Portal – Mapping the Galaxy, and watching our backyard
Further reading
Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope, Gaia’s Mission to the Milky Way, March 2008, p.36 – 39
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gaia (satellite)
ESA Gaia mission
Gaia in Depth
Gaia page at ESA Spacecraft Operations
Gaia pages for the scientific community
Gaia Study Report Summary of the scientific goals of the mission, March 2000
Origins Billion Star Survey (OBSS) A similar project proposal as collaboration between NASA and U.S. Naval Observatory.
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Space observatories
Current
AGILE Suzaku COROT Chandra X-ray Observatory Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope GALEX Herschel Space Observatory HETE-2 Hubble Space Telescope INTEGRAL Kepler LEGRI MOST PAMELA Planck Solar Dynamics Observatory Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer Spitzer Space Telescope SWAS Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission TRACE Wide Field Infrared Explorer Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer WMAP XMM-Newton
Planned
TAUVEX (2010) RadioAstron (2010) Astrosat (2010) NuSTAR (2011) Spectrum-X-Gamma (2012) Gaia mission (2012) Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) (2012) Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) (2012) New Worlds Mission (2013) ASTRO-G (2013) James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) (2014) Darwin (2016) Space Interferometry Mission (2016) Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) (2020)
Proposed
Constellation-X Observatory XEUS Dark Energy Space Telescope Terrestrial Planet Finder Fresnel Imager SPICA THEIA PLATO ATLAST International X-ray Observatory
Completed
ABRAXIS AKARI Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics ALEXIS Aryabhata Astro 2 Astron Astronomical Netherlands Satellite BeppoSAX Broad Band X-ray Telescope Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Copernicus Observatory Cos-B Cosmic Background Explorer Einstein Observatory EXOSAT Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Ginga Granat Hakucho HALCA HETE HEAO-1 HEAO-3 Hipparcos Infrared Space Observatory International Ultraviolet Explorer IRAS Midcourse Space Experiment Odin OAO-2 RELIKT-1 ROSAT SAS-B Tenma Uhuru Yohkoh
Canceled
Eddington mission
See also
Space observatory List of space telescopes Great Observatories program
Space observatories category
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European Space Agency
Spaceports
Guiana Space Centre Esrange
Programmes
Aurora Programme Living Planet (Earth Observation, Earth Watch) Programme Orfeo Programme Technology Transfer Programme
Related
EUMETSAT European Space Camp Arianespace Planetary Science Archive GEWEX
Projects
Cancelled
Eddington mission EADS Phoenix Hermes
Failed
CryoSat
Current
Active
Artemis ATV Cluster Columbus Corot Envisat ERS-2 GIOVE-A GIOVE-B Galileo positioning system GOCE Herschel Space Observatory Hubble Space Telescope Integral Mars Express MetOp-A Planck Proba-2 Rosetta SOHO SMOS XMM-Newton Venus Express
Queued
ADM-Aeolus BepiColombo CryoSat-2 Don Quijote ExoMars Galileo positioning system Gaia KEO James Webb Space Telescope LISA Pathfinder
Future
Advanced Re-entry Vehicle Cosmic Vision XEUS Darwin Mission FLPP IXV Mars sample return mission Proba-3 Solar Orbiter Laplace TandEM
Past
Cos-B Chandrayaan-1 Double Star ERS-1 EURECA Giotto mission Hipparcos Huygens probe ISO IUE SMART 1 Ulysses YES2
Portal
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Categories: Space telescopes | European Space Agency probes | Proposed spacecraft | 2011 in spaceflight | Astronomical observatory stubs | Spacecraft stubs | Space program stubs
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For this ground-breaking book, Philip Pugh has assembled a team of contributors who show just how much solar observation work can be accomplished with Coronado telescopes, and explain how to get the best from these marvelous instruments. The book shows that Solar prominences, filaments, flares, sunspots, plage and active regions are all visible and can be imaged to produce spectacular solar photog…
Who said you have to be in the dark to do astronomy! Turning your telescope to the Sun is fun and educational. Watch the march of giant sunspots, the clouds of glowing vapor in the photosphere, and solar granulation detail. But be sure to protect your precious vision with safe Orion solar filters! Looking at the Sun without one, even for an instant, can permanently damage your eyes. Superior to My…
The Celestron NexStar 8SE Telescope offers a multitude of features, including the 2032mm focal length and SkyAlign. Viewing the stars will never be the same, as you expand your horizons with the stimulating and technological advances included in the Celestron Telescope. Inside the Celestron NexStar, you find an autoguider port to enable long exposure photos, as well as the exceptional Go To button…
Designed to fit snugly over the aperture of your telescope, these optical glass filters block 99.999% of incoming sunlight, allowing you to safely observe sunspots and solar granulation in the Sun’s photosphere. The Sun appears in a natural, whitish color. The glass elements are machine-polished and triple-coated with nickel-chromium stainless steel for a scratch-resistant surface. Each filter has…
This size filter will fit any telescope with an optical tube diameter of 98-105mm. It is made with a sturdy aluminum outer cell that houses an optical thin film aperture. The thin film is a .002″ thick black polymer. It is safe for direct viewing through the telescope and for photography. It is rated as a neutral density 5. You are buying this directly from the manufacturer and it has a 30 day mon…
This size filter will fit any telescope with an optical tube diameter of 143-149mm. It is made with a sturdy aluminum outer cell that houses an optical thin film aperture. The thin film is a .002″ thick black polymer. It is safe for direct viewing through the telescope and for photography. It is rated as a neutral density 5. You are buying this directly from the manufacturer and it has a 30 day mo…
The SolarMax 60 system allows for full H-A views of the sun. This Telescope includes the T-Max tuner and 10 mm blocking filter. The blocking filter is housed in a 1.25 diagonal. This combination allows for a full disc image The Advantage of the T-Max: Some events on the Sun,- notably active flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are extremely fast moving. If such features occur on the disc of the Sun, their high velocity towards the observer results in their wavelength being Doppler shifted shorter than Ha. If the velocity is high enough, this wavelength could be outside the passband of the filter and the feature would not be observable. The T-Max allows the user to de-tune the SolarMax slightly to bring such phenomena into better visibility. A simple rotary wheel movement accomplishes the tilt necessary to move the passband of the filter. Because of the filter’s position at the front end of the telescope, this does not compromise the performance of the filter nor limit the Ha field of view as is the case with rear mounted filters. The use of a special H-Alpha doublet lens designed by Dick Buchroeder (including optimised anti-ghosting) and superb multi-layer anti reflection coatings on all surfaces delivers diffraction limited, extremely high contrast performance. Please Note: We are only authorized to sell Coronado Products in North America
Coronado by Meade SolarMax II 60mm Solar Telescope with RichView system. Includes 10mm Blocking Filter. This double stacked unit excels at observation of solar surface detail with a 0.5 angstrom bandpass. Features two fully tunable H-alpha etalon filters, one internal and one external.Used around the world by serious solar enthusiasts and professional research facilities alike for observation of surface detail and prominences on the Sun in hydrogen-alpha (Ha) light. Powerful but very portable, this high resolution Solar Telescope offers dedicated visual observation of the Sun as well as high quality imaging. The new Meade Coronado SolarMax II represents a breakthrough in solar observing with the new and revolutionary new RichView tuning assembly. This patented system allows direct tuning of the primary filter etalon. No other commercially available Ha telescope can provide the tuning range and accuracy of the SolarMax II. Now you can tune for the highest contrast views of active regions, flares, filaments and other surface detail, or quickly and easily re-tune for prominences on the solar limb. This fully integrated double stack system has the added advantage of being able to operate at a less restrictive { .7A bandwidth by simply removing the external etalon. In this way image brightness is increased, enhancing the visibility of fainter limb detail. The stunning bright red views through a Coronado Ha telescope display astounding surface and limb detail especially when the Sun is in an active phase. This very high quality 60mm personal solar observatory features an 400mm focal length, f/6.6 focal ratio.
Coronado by Meade SolarMax II 90mm Solar Telescope with RichView system. Includes 15mm Blocking Filter. The incredible Coronado SolarMax 90 series telescopes are the largest H-alpha (Ha) telescope ever to be mass-produced and are now available with the patented RichView tuning system. This double stacked unit excels at observation of solar surface detail with a .5 angstrom bandpass. Features two H-alpha etalon filters, both internal. Used around the world by serious solar enthusiasts and professional research facilities alike for observation of surface detail and prominences on the Sun in hydrogen-alpha (Ha) light. Powerful but very portable, this high resolution Solar Telescope offers dedicated visual observation of the Sun as well as high quality imaging. The new Meade Coronado II represents a breakthrough in solar observing with the new and revolutionary RichView tuning assembly. This patented system allows direct tuning of the primary filter etalon. No other commercially available Ha telescope can provide the tuning range and accuracy of the SolarMax II. Now you can tune for the highest contrast views of active regions, flares, filaments and other surface detail, or quickly and easily re-tune for prominences on the solar limb. This fully integrated double stack system has the added advantage of being able to operate at a less restrictive The stunning bright red views through a Coronado Ha telescope display astounding surface and limb detail especially when the Sun is in an active phase. This very high quality 90mm personal solar observatory features an 800mm focal length, f/8.8 focal ratio.
Create Observing Lists of astronomical objects using a variety of filters such as magnitude, altitude above horizon, type or database. Quickly see what objects you have observed and which ones you still need to hunt down : Find targets effortlessly with three-view starhopping charts customized to your equipment : Select your equipment from expanded default database of over 300 Orion, Meade, Celestron and Vixen scopes, binoculars, SBIG, Apogee, FLI and Starlight Express CCD chips and more : Improved Digital Settings Circles Support for non-motorized telescopes such as Orion SkyQuest IntelliScope, NGCMAX, Lumicon Sky Vector, Discovery Digital Star Finder, Orion SkyWizard III, and Celestron Advanced Astromaster : Control your robotic telescope focuser with Computer Controlled Focuser Support (Windows only). Supported models include AstroOptik telescopes, Astrophysics GTO mount, Finger Lakes focusers, Gemini equipped mount, JMI Smart Focus, Meade LX200 and Autostar, Optec TCF-S, and PCFocus : Smoothly track and follow satellites with the Meade LX200/RCX400 telescopes (Mac only) : Recognize 1000+ craters, valleys and more instantly with surface feature outlines for the Moon : View the locations of 160+ extrasolar planets : Enjoy 8 additional photorealistic Earth horizon panoramas : Watch the sun set over Gusev Crater horizon panorama created with data from Mars Rover Spirit : Explore Moon panoramas taken by Apollo astronauts : Multiple surface maps of Earth, Moon and Mars : Customize the sky with 3 additional cloud panoramas : Mimic effects of the atmospheric scattering : Follow the paths of over 25 interplanetary probes : Zoom in on 3-D models of comets, asteroids, satellites and spacecraft : Library of over 100 Starry Night files
If you want to know how to choose the right telescope for your needs, The Cambridge Guide to Stargazing with Your Telescope is the guide for you. Robin Scagell gives straightforward explanations of how they work and of how one can progress from first-time user to skilled observer. He offers practical help for setting up and using any telescope and provides lists of objects to look at with different telescope sizes, including the Sun, Moon and planets, comets, asteroids, star clusters, variable and double stars, supernovae, nebulae and galaxies. Aimed principally at newcomers to astronomy, of all ages, this indispensable resource describes the full range of internationally available telescopes, with examples of objects to observe taken from both hemispheres, appropriate for all observing conditions. It also imparts advice about accessories, such as eye-pieces and filters, as well as suggestions for telescope photography and choice of camera and film type.